Fitr sadaqasi faqirlarga g‘amxo‘rlik, ularga hayit kunini xursandchilik bilan o‘zkazishlari uchun ko‘makdir, uni berganlar uchun esa, Ramazonda yo‘l qo‘yilgan ba’zi kamchiliklarga kafforatdir. Ibn Abbos (roziyallohu anhu) aytadi: “Rasululloh (sollallohu alayhi va sallam) fitr sadaqasini ro‘zadorga behuda ishlar va yomon so‘zlardan poklanish bo‘lishi uchun, miskinlar uchun yegulik bo‘lishi uchun buyurdilar” (Abu Dovud rivoyati).
Fitr sadaqasi kumush nisobidagi, hojatidan ortiqcha molga ega musulmonga vojib bo‘ladi. Ana shu miqdordagi mulkka ega kishi fitr sadaqasini o‘zi va yosh bolalaridan berishi vojib. Balog‘atga yetgan farzandlari va xotini uchun fitr sadaqa berishi vojib emas. Agar balog‘atga yetgan farzandlari va ayoli uchun, ular aytishmasa ham, fitr sadaqasini bersa, ular zimmasidan fitr sadaqasi soqit bo‘ladi.
Fitr sadaqasining vojib bo‘lish vaqti hayit kuni tong otish paytidir. Shuning uchun, hayit kechasi tug‘ilgan chaqaloqdan ham fitr sadaqa berish vojib bo‘ladi. Homila va hayit kunidan oldin vafot etganlar uchun fitr sadaqasi vojib bo‘lmaydi.
Ibn Umar (roziyallohu anhu) aytadi: “Rasululloh (sollallohu alayhi va sallam) fitr sadaqasini odamlar namozga chiqmasdan oldin berishni buyurdilar”. Ammo bu vaqtdan oldin, masalan, Ramazon kirishi bilan bersa ham bo‘ladi. Lekin namozga chiqishdan oldin berish mustahabdir. Fitr sadaqasi vojib bo‘lib, uni berolmay qolgan kishi zimmasidan soqit bo‘lmaydi.
Fitr sadaqasi bug‘doy, bug‘doy uni yoki yormasidan yo mayizdan yoki xurmo yo arpadan beriladi. Bug‘doy yo uning uni yoki yormasidan va mayizdan yarim so’ (taxminan 2 kg.), arpa va xurmodan bir so’dir. Mazkur narsalarning qiymatini ham bersa bo‘ladi.
Fitr sadaqasi zakotga haqdor bo‘lgan kishilarga beriladi.
Jamshid Shodiyev tayyorladi.
Po vsemu Blijnemu Vostoku imeyutsya mesta, kotorie predaniya svyazivayut s prorokom Ibraximom, v tom chisle dom yego detstva, derevo, pod kotorim on vstretilsya s angelami, i yego mogila, soobshayet portal Atlas Islamica.
Rodnoy gorod proroka Ibraxima (mir yemu)
Po dannim izdaniya Islamosfera, mestom rojdeniya proroka Ibraxima (mir yemu) bibleyskiye teksti nazivayut Ur Xaldeyskiy ili Ur-Kasdim. V 1862 godu Genri Roulinson otojdestvil etot gorod s Tell-el-Mukayyarom bliz Nasirii, obichno izvestnim kak Ur na yuge Iraka. Vtoroye mesto, traditsionno schitayusheyesya mestom rojdeniya proroka, naxoditsya v okrestnostyax goroda Urfa (Shanliurfa) na yugo-vostoke sovremennoy Tursii.
Peshera, gde rodilsya prorok Ibraxim (mir yemu)
V komplekse mecheti Mevlid-i Xalil v Shanliurfe v Tursii imeyetsya peshera, v kotoroy, kak glasyat legendi, mat rodila budushego proroka. Ona pryatala yego tam sem let, potomu chto sar Nimrod velel ubivat vsex novorojdennix malchikov, kotorie mogli bi ugrojat yego vlasti. V peshere imeyetsya istochnik, voda kotorogo schitayetsya selebnoy.
Dom, gde provel detstvo prorok Ibraxim (mir yemu)
V sentre arxeologicheskogo kompleksa drevnego Ura, raspolojennogo v yujnom Irake v provinsii Tell-el-Mukayyar, pokazivayut dom, v kotorom, soglasno legendam, provel detstvo prorok. Dom imeyet pochti treugolnuyu formu i sostoit iz nebolshix komnat, zalov, proxodov, koridorov i arok.
Ozero Balikligyol
Takje izvestnoye kak ozero Xalil-ur-Raxman, eto ozero naxoditsya na yugo-zapade sentra goroda Shanliurfa, ryadom s mechetyami Mevlid-i Xalil i Rizvaniye. Soglasno predaniyam, imenno na etom meste bil razojjen koster, v kotoriy Nimrod brosil proroka Ibraxima (mir yemu). No ogon prevratilsya v ozero, a ugli – v ribu.
Kompleks Xaram al-Ibraxim
Etot kompleks, takje izvestniy kak Peshera Patriarxov ili Grobnitsa Patriarxov, sostoit iz ryada pesher, raspolojennix v samom serdse Starogo goroda Xevrona na yuge Zapadnogo berega v Palestine. Soglasno predaniyam, eto mesto bilo vikupleno Ibraximom (mir yemu) v kachestve mesta zaxoroneniya. Legendi utverjdayut, chto zdes poxoroneni sam prorok, yego jena Sara, sinovya Isxak (mir yemu) s Yakubom (mir yemu) i ix jeni. Takje soglasno nekotorim mestnim predaniyam, v Xaram al-Ibraxim naxodyatsya mogili proroka Yusufa (mir yemu), Adama (mir yemu) i Xavi.
Eto mesto yavlyayetsya svyatim dlya musulman, iudeyev i xristian.
Bir-Saba (Beer-Sheva)
Kak polagayut, etot arxeologicheskiy pamyatnik na yuge Palestini yavlyayetsya ostatkami drevnego goroda Beer-Sheva. Soglasno legendam, Ibraxim (mir yemu) razbil svoy shater i viril kolodes v Bir-Sabe, kotoroye togda bilo pustinnom mestom, schitavshimsya yujnoy granitsey Svyashennoy zemli (Al-Aksi). Zdes, u kolodsa, prorok zaklyuchil dogovor s filistimlyanskim sarem Avimelexom.
Etot samiy kolodes pokazivayut i seychas nedaleko ot Starogo goroda v Beer-Sheva na okkupirovannoy Izrailem palestinskoy territorii. Arxeologicheskiye issledovaniya pokazali, chto on otnositsya k vizantiyskomu periodu, poetomu utverjdayetsya, chto eto ne originalnoye soorujeniye, a yego analog, postroyenniy na tom je meste.
Xaran
Gorod Xaran, kotoriy upominayetsya v Biblii, pochti povsemestno otojdestvlyayetsya s Xarranom, gorodom, ruini kotorogo naxodyatsya na territorii sovremennoy Tursii v provinsii Shanliurfa. Soglasno yevreyskim istochnikam, v Xarane poselilsya Ibraxim (mir yemu) so svoyey semey vo vremya sledovaniya iz goroda Ur v Xanaan. Rasskazivayetsya, chto on jil tam do 75 let, prejde chem prodoljit svoy put po poveleniyu Allaxa.
Mamvriyskiy dub, ili Dub Ibraxima
Eto derevo, kotoroye takje nazivayut dubom Avraama, naxoditsya v dvux kilometrax k yugo-zapadu ot Mamre nedaleko ot Xevrona, na territorii pravoslavnogo monastirya Svyatoy Troitsi. Yego vozrast otsenivayetsya v 5000 let. Kak glasyat predaniya, pod nim prorok Ibraxim (mir yemu) prinimal angelov, kotorie posetili yego s vestyu o rojdenii u nego sina. Dub pochitalsya iudeyami i xristianami na protyajenii soten let, a v IV veke Konstantin postroil vozle nego serkov. Posle postroyki ogradi vokrug duba v 1970-x godax korni dereva bili povrejdeni, i ono nachalo zasixat. Posledniy zeleniy list na nem nablyudali v aprele 1996 goda. No v 1997 godu ot kornya nachal rasti noviy pobeg, kotoriy k nastoyashemu vremeni prevratilsya v kustistoye molodoye derevse.
Oazis al-Asad
Etot oazis, raspolojenniy nedaleko ot aviabazi Al-Asad v provinsii Anbar v Irake, takje nazivayut Oazisom Ibraxima ili Kolodsem Ibragima. Soglasno mestnim predaniyam beduinov, imenno zdes ostanovilsya Ibraxim (mir yemu) i yego semya na puti v Xanaan, kuda yego prizval Allax. Xotya net nikakix dokazatelstv pravdivosti etoy istorii, uchenie govoryat, chto proroku logichno bilo bi sledovat imenno cherez etu mestnost. Na pryamom puti v Palestinu net istochnikov presnoy vodi, poetomu on doljen bil dvigatsya vdol Yevfrata.
Makam Ibraxima – Mesto stoyaniya Ibraxima
Allax prikazal Ibraximu (mir yemu) postroit Kaabu, i prorok vmeste so svoim sinom Ismailom pristupil k rabote. Kogda steni zdaniya podnyalis vishe yego rosta, on podlojil pod nogi bolshoy kamen, chtobi vstat na nego. Na etom kamne, kotoriy seychas mojno uvidet na severnoy storone Kaabi, ostalsya otpechatok nogi Ibraxima (mir yemu). Svyatinyu zakrivayet metallicheskoye ograjdeniye.
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